Airway diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiolitis, and bronchiectasis (which also is the main disorder for persons with cystic fibrosis). People with airway diseases often say they feel as if they're "trying to breathe out through a straw.

The respiratory tract is the site of an exceptionally large range of disorders for three main reasons:

• it is exposed to the environment and therefore may be affected by inhaled organisms, dusts, or gases.
• It possesses a large network of capillaries through which the entire output of the heart has to pass, which means that diseases that affect the small blood vessels are likely to affect the lung.
• It may be the site of “sensitivity” or allergic phenomena that may profoundly affect function.

Echocardiography or Echo, is actually colored ultrasound of the heart, a painless test that gives a moving picture of your heart. The test gives information about the size of your heart and how well your heart’s chambers and valves are working. Echo also can be done to detect heart problems in infants and children. The test also can identify areas of heart muscle that aren’t contracting normally due to poor blood flow or injury from a previous heart attack. In addition, a type of echo called Doppler ultrasound shows how well blood flows through the chambers and valves of your heart. Echo can detect possible blood clots inside the heart, fluid buildup in the pericardium (the sac around the heart), and problems with the aorta. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body.

TMT (TREADMILL TEST) In TMT, an ECG is done while you are doing exercise. In this test, the patient walks on a treadmill as per the protocol of the test. Most often, it is done in healthy individuals as a preventive check up or in a post myocardial infarction patient. It is a test used to induce provocable myocardial ischemia for diagnostic evaluation of coronary artery disease.

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) include different kinds of breathing tests that measure how well your lungs exchange air. Your lungs help you take air in (inhale) and breathe air out (exhale). There are many different types of PFTs. Some also measure how well your lungs absorb oxygen into your blood and how exercise affects your lungs. PFTs are safe and don’t require a healthcare provider to put any tools or instruments inside your body (noninvasive). Another name for pulmonary function tests is lung function tests.

When is pulmonary function testing performed?

Your healthcare provider may order pulmonary function tests if you have lung or airway symptoms like cough or shortness of breath, are undergoing surgery or use tobacco products (smoke). These symptoms may include:

• Chest tightness, pain or pressure.
• Coughing, especially if you produce mucus or phlegm.
• Difficulty breathing or taking a deep breath.
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• Wheezing.

Gastroscopy is an examination of the upper digestive tract (the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum) using an endoscope — a long, thin, flexible tube containing a camera and a light — to view the lining of these organs.

Why is a gastroscopy done?

A gastroscopy, also known as an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or just upper endoscopy, is usually done to investigate the cause of symptoms such as heartburn, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, vomiting or bleeding from the digestive tract, and to make or confirm a diagnosis. Conditions can also sometimes be treated during gastroscopy — for example: polyps can be removed; enlarged veins (varices) in the oesophagus (food pipe) can be treated to stop and prevent bleeding; a narrowed oesophagus can be widened; and foreign objects (such as objects accidently swallowed by children) can be remove

Chest pain can come in different forms, all of which range from a sharp, stabbing sensation to simply a dull ache. In some cases, the pain feels like crushing, burning, or throbbing. In other instances, the pain may move up the neck and into the jaw or down both arms. Indigestion, heartburn, and acid reflux are all common sources of chest pain. However, these conditions are not life threatening. Chest pain can also arise from significant problems with the lungs or heart. It's important to see a doctor as soon as possible if you have chest pain, since it may be an indication of something serious.

Symptoms of Chest Pain?

Chest pain is one of the most common reasons that people visit the emergency room. It can be caused by a number of things, from heartburn to a heart attack. The symptoms of chest pain can vary depending on the cause. For example, heartburn typically causes a burning sensation in the center of the chest, while a heart attack may cause a more severe, crushing pain. Other symptoms of chest pain can include shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea.

High blood pressure (hypertension) can be dangerous if it’s not treated. It can put you at risk for stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and other medical problems. Changing what you eat, exercising more and taking your medicine can help you keep your blood pressure where it should be.

What are the types of high blood pressure?

Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy. Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin.

The general symptoms of diabetes include:

• Increased hunger
• Increased thirst
• weight loss
• frequent urination
• Blurry Vision
• Extreme Fatigue
• Sores that don’t heal

Disorders of the liver and biliary system (which creates and stores bile) may require surgical correction. These disorders can be developmental or congenital, or they may manifest later in childhood or adolescence. At Mount Sinai, we have expertise in diagnosing and treating a variety of liver and biliary tract disorders including: Benign gallbladder diseases include infections (cholecystitis) and gallstones causing symptoms (biliary colic). Bile duct cysts (choledochal cysts) stem from abnormal development of the biliary system and have been associated with cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) as well as infection of the bile duct (cholangitis). Biliary atresia can prevent bile from being able to drain from the liver into the intestine. It stems from abnormal development of the biliary system.

Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that get into your body from the outside. Pathogens that cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and, rarely, prions. You can get infectious diseases from other people, bug bites and contaminated food, water or soil.

General Medicine is a speciality of medicine which is involved in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of both acute and chronic diseases affecting different parts of the body. General medicine deals with different diseases from head to toe. Doctors specializing in general or internal medicine are called Physicians. Normally, General Physicians indulge in the following works.

• Diagnosing and treating a wide range of health disorders and referring to specialists’ opinions if necessary.
• Providing care and advice to the in-patients who are under the other specialists. Provide general and preventive medicines to adults of all ages.
• Manages physical conditions like asthma, arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart disease.
• General medicine also concentrates on providing preventive care such as immunizations, health counselling and sports physicals.

What diseases are treated under General Medicine?

Fever- Fever is the most common disease affecting people. To evaluate fever, your doctor may ask medical history and symptoms. The doctor conducts a physical examination and recommends undergoing a blood test if necessary. For low-grade fever, the doctor may not prescribe many medications. For high fever, medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen are given.

Asthma- It’s a chronic disease which affects the airways of the lungs. This condition makes the airway narrow, swell and produces extra mucus. This creates difficulty in breathing, causes wheezing and cough. For some people, asthma is a major problem which troubles their daily normal activities and can also lead to an asthma attack.

Hypertension- Hypertension or high blood pressure is a common cardiovascular disease. For most adults, there is no specific reason to cause hypertension. The blood pressure tends to develop with increasing age. Secondary hypertension appears suddenly and causes high blood pressure. Thyroid problems, sleep apnea, kidney problems, certain drugs, and medications, etc can be a cause of secondary hypertension.

Thyroid malfunctions- Thyroid gland is responsible for the metabolic process in the body. Thus the disorders in thyroid gland slow down the body's metabolism rate. The most common thyroid problem is abnormal production of thyroid hormones which leads to conditions like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. These problems may result in various physical problems such as weight loss or weight gain, excess fatigue and if it is left untreated it may lead to cancer.

The medical experts carefully transplant the heart you are nothing without care trends in medical science. With this knowledge, they can solve complex cases and give the right advice on illnesses that a patient might be suffering from. Although general physicians do not perform surgeries, they do play a very important role in operations. This is because they are the ones who review patients before a surgery and offer the surgeon with reports on risk factors that the patient might have, related to the surgery. Also, they aid patients with post-operative care, and can also help patients handle any complications they may have during that period. trends in medical science. With this knowledge, they can solve complex cases and give the right advice on illnesses that a patient might be suffering from. Although general physicians do not perform surgeries, they do play a very important role in operations. This is because they are the ones who review patients before a surgery and offer the surgeon with reports on risk factors that the patient might have, related to the surgery. Also, they aid patients with post-operative care, and can also help patients handle any complications they may have during that period. trends in medical science. With this knowledge, they can solve complex cases and give the right advice on illnesses that a patient might be suffering from. Although general physicians do not perform surgeries, they do play a very important role in operations. This is because they are the ones who review patients before a surgery and offer the surgeon with reports on risk factors that the patient might have, related to the surgery. Also, they aid patients with post-operative care, and can also help patients handle any complications they may have during that period.

The medical experts carefully transplant the heart you are nothing without care trends in medical science. With this knowledge, they can solve complex cases and give the right advice on illnesses that a patient might be suffering from. Although general physicians do not perform surgeries, they do play a very important role in operations. This is because they are the ones who review patients before a surgery and offer the surgeon with reports on risk factors that the patient might have, related to the surgery. Also, they aid patients with post-operative care, and can also help patients handle any complications they may have during that period. trends in medical science. With this knowledge, they can solve complex cases and give the right advice on illnesses that a patient might be suffering from. Although general physicians do not perform surgeries, they do play a very important role in operations. This is because they are the ones who review patients before a surgery and offer the surgeon with reports on risk factors that the patient might have, related to the surgery. Also, they aid patients with post-operative care, and can also help patients handle any complications they may have during that period. trends in medical science. With this knowledge, they can solve complex cases and give the right advice on illnesses that a patient might be suffering from. Although general physicians do not perform surgeries, they do play a very important role in operations. This is because they are the ones who review patients before a surgery and offer the surgeon with reports on risk factors that the patient might have, related to the surgery. Also, they aid patients with post-operative care, and can also help patients handle any complications they may have during that period.

We have been dealing with all types of poisons. The most commonly seen are organophosphorous, organochlorines used as insecticide spray over crops and aluminium phosphide ( Celphos ) used as fumigant to store grains. A few of the other poisonings that we have come across are due to barbiturates, diazepam, methaquinolone, imipramine, tri-imipramine, nitrazepam, paracetamol, copper sulphate, anti mosquito mats & coils, sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric acids, nitrites,caustic soda, petrol, phenyl, naphthalene, paraquat, potassium cyanide, glass, mercury, zinc sulphide and other rhodenticides, malathion, DDT, BHC, anti lice preparations, methyl alcohol, talcum powder, kitchen gas, carbon monoxide, scorpion bite, bites of snakes of different varieties with different presentations etc. While treating patients of poisonings we are routinely dealing with arrhythmia’s, shock, changes in acid base balance, haemopoetic changes, heart failures, ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome), multiple organ failure, septicemia, DIC, ventilatory failure renal failure etc.

Treatment of Poisoning

• Supportive care
• Activated charcoal for serious oral poisonings
• Occasional use of specific antidotes or dialysis
• Only rare use of gastric emptying

The thyroid gland is a small organ that’s located in the front of the neck, wrapped around the windpipe (trachea). It’s shaped like a butterfly, smaller in the middle with two wide wings that extend around the side of your throat. The thyroid is a gland. You have glands throughout your body, where they create and release substances that help your body do a specific thing. Your thyroid makes hormones that help control many vital functions of your body. When your thyroid doesn’t work properly, it can impact your entire body. If your body makes too much thyroid hormone, you can develop a condition called hyperthyroidism. If your body makes too little thyroid hormone, it’s called hypothyroidism. Both conditions are serious and need to be treated by your healthcare provider.

Thyroid disease is very common, with an estimated 20 million people in the Unites States having some type of thyroid disorder. A woman is about five to eight times more likely to be diagnosed with a thyroid condition than a man. You may be at a higher risk of developing a thyroid condition if you:

• Have a family history of thyroid disease.
• Have a medical condition (these can include pernicious anemia, Type 1 diabetes, primary adrenal insufficiency, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome and Turner syndrome).
• Take a medication that’s high in iodine (amiodarone).
• Are older than 60, especially in women.
• Have had treatment for a past thyroid condition or cancer (thyroidectomy or radiation).

A connective tissue disease is any disease that affects the parts of the body that connect the structures of the body together. Connective tissues are made up of two proteins: collagen and elastin. Collagen is a protein found in the tendons, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone and blood vessels. Elastin is a stretchy protein that resembles a rubber band and is the major component of ligaments and skin. When a patient has a connective tissue disease, the collagen and elastin are inflamed. The proteins and the body parts they connect are harmed.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common connective tissue diseases and can be inherited. which is the type of connective tissue disease. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks its own body. In this systemic disorder, immune cells attack and inflame the membrane around joints

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, or when there’s a blockage in the blood supply to the brain. The rupture or blockage prevents blood and oxygen from reaching the brain’s tissues.

There are three primary types of strokes:

• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) involves a blood clot that typically reverses on its own.
• Ischemic stroke involves a blockage caused by either a clot or plaque in the artery.
• The symptoms and complications of ischemic stroke can last longer than those of a TIA, or may become permanent.
• Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either a burst or leaking blood vessel that seeps into the brain.

Neurology

Neurology, medical specialty concerned with the nervous system and its functional or organic disorders. Neurologists diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

It has two major divisions:

• Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: all other neural elements, such as eyes, ears, skin, and other "sensory receptors"